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To begin with, it is important to recognize different causes of acne, as well as the hormones that come into play. There are currently four types of acne that are acknowledged by the Cleveland Clinic: Fungal, cystic, hormonal, and nodular. While other types of acne are primarily caused by genetics or external factors, hormonal acne occurs due to excessive sebum (oil) production caused by fluctuations in androgens, testosterone being the most well-known culprit. The hair follicles are then blocked by the oil, clogging the pores which collect excess skin cells beneath them over time. Indicators of hormonal acne are red, inflamed lesions that may feel painful or sore and typically appear on the cheeks, but can also be found on other parts of the body; severe or untreated hormonal acne can lead to scarring. However, not all lesions become inflamed; whiteheads and blackheads typically remain in their current states until treated or extracted. While this type of acne suggests chemical causes, hormonal acne can worsen because of external factors such as stress, pollution, high humidity, a poor diet, and squeezing or picking at blemishes. Other factors that contribute to hormonal acne include insulin surges, progesterone imbalance, and a natural decline of reproductive hormones (i.e. estrogen) that is brought on by the onset of menopause.

Fortunately, researchers at the Mayo Clinic state that hormonal acne can be managed and treated in several ways depending on the type and severity. Topical creams, like tretinoin, are recommended for the treatment of blackheads and whiteheads, as they work partly by keeping the pores clear. Inflammatory and moderate to severe acne is a little more tricky, yet typically treated with topical antibiotics or benzoyl peroxide; not only do these treatments clear the pores and reduce inflammation, but they also provide antibacterial properties that reduce sebum production. Cystic acne is typically treated with steroid injections such as intralesional triamcinolone, which interacts directly with the hormones by calming inflammation and overactive immune systems. Other ways to manage hormonal acne include a skincare routine tailored to specific types and concerns, oral contraceptives, diet adjustment, laser therapy, and light therapy.